Government Schemes and Initiatives Supporting Tribal Farmers in India

Tribal Farmers in India: Agriculture is the backbone of livelihood for India’s tribal communities, with a significant portion of the tribal population engaged in farming and allied activities. Tribal farmers often practice traditional and subsistence agriculture, relying on forest resources, shifting cultivation, and small-scale farming for their sustenance.  

For many tribal groups, agriculture is not just an economic activity but a way of life, deeply intertwined with their cultural and social fabric. Crops like millets, pulses, tubers, and medicinal plants play a crucial role in their diet and income generation. Additionally, many tribal communities depend on minor forest produce (MFP) such as honey, bamboo, tendu leaves, and medicinal herbs, which contribute to their financial stability.  

Despite their strong agricultural heritage, tribal farmers face multiple challenges, including lack of land rights, poor irrigation facilities, limited access to markets, and inadequate financial support. Climate change and deforestation further threaten their traditional farming practices. Recognizing these challenges, the Indian government has introduced various schemes and initiatives aimed at improving agricultural productivity, ensuring financial security, and promoting sustainable farming practices among tribal farmers. These efforts seek to bridge the development gap and empower tribal communities to achieve long-term economic resilience. 

Government’s Role in Empowering Tribal Farmers  

The Indian government plays a crucial role in empowering tribal farmers by implementing various policies, schemes, and initiatives aimed at improving agricultural productivity, ensuring financial stability, and promoting sustainable farming practices. Given the socio-economic challenges faced by tribal communities, government interventions focus on providing financial assistance, skill development, market access, and infrastructure support.  

1. Financial Support & Subsidies  

• The government provides direct financial assistance through schemes like the Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana (VKY) and Special Central Assistance to Tribal Sub-Plan (SCA to TSP) to improve agricultural practices. 
• Subsidized credit and loan facilities through institutions like NABARD and Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India (TRIFED) help tribal farmers invest in better technology and farming inputs.  

2. Land Rights & Legal Protections  

• The Forest Rights Act, 2006 (FRA) recognizes the traditional land rights of tribal communities, allowing them to own and cultivate land sustainably. 
• Government initiatives ensure the protection of tribal lands from encroachment and exploitation.  

3. Irrigation & Infrastructure Development  

• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) helps provide better irrigation facilities, ensuring water availability for tribal farmlands. 
• Infrastructure projects such as rural roads, cold storage facilities, and warehouses improve connectivity and reduce post-harvest losses.  

4. Market Access & Fair Pricing 

• The Minimum Support Price (MSP) for Minor Forest Produce (MFP) ensures that tribal farmers get fair prices for their products. 
• Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India (TRIFED) and State Tribal Development Corporations facilitate market linkages, enabling tribal farmers to sell their produce at competitive rates.  

5. Sustainable & Indigenous Farming Promotion  

• The National Bamboo Mission and programs promoting millets and organic farming help tribal farmers capitalize on indigenous crops.  
• Training programs on sustainable agriculture and climate-resilient farming techniques equip tribal farmers with modern yet eco-friendly farming practices.  

6. Skill Development & Education  

• Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) and agricultural training programs provide education and vocational skills to tribal youth in farming and allied sectors. 
• Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) offer hands-on training in modern farming techniques, animal husbandry, and agro-based entrepreneurship. 

Key Government Schemes and Initiatives 

2.1 Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana (VKY)  

Launched by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, the Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana (VKY) is a comprehensive scheme aimed at holistic development of tribal communities. It focuses on education, health, livelihood, infrastructure, and skill development to improve their socio-economic conditions.  

Key Features Relevant to Tribal Farmers:  

– Financial Assistance & Infrastructure: Supports irrigation, rural roads, and agricultural development in tribal areas.  

– Livelihood Promotion: Encourages self-employment, agro-based industries, and access to better farming tools.  

– Skill Development: Provides training in modern and sustainable farming practices, improving productivity.  

– Market Linkages: Helps tribal farmers connect with government procurement schemes and fair markets.  

 Impact on Tribal Farming Communities:  

– Enhanced access to irrigation, reducing dependence on rain-fed farming.  

– Better training in sustainable and climate-resilient farming techniques.  

– Increased financial security through agro-based employment and self-help groups.  

– Strengthened connectivity and infrastructure, facilitating easier access to markets.  

2.2  Minimum Support Price (MSP) for Minor Forest Produce (MFP) 

The Minimum Support Price (MSP) for Minor Forest Produce (MFP) is a crucial initiative aimed at ensuring fair prices for forest-based products collected by tribal communities. Administered by TRIFED (Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India) under the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, this scheme provides a safety net for tribal farmers by guaranteeing a minimum price for their produce, reducing exploitation by middlemen.  

Key minor forest produce covered under this scheme includes honey, tamarind, tendu leaves, mahua flowers, bamboo, sal seeds, and medicinal herbs, which are vital for the livelihoods of tribal farmers. The MSP mechanism stabilizes incomes, encourages sustainable harvesting, and enhances the economic well-being of forest-dependent communities. Additionally, the government facilitates market linkages, value addition, and training programs to help tribal farmers maximize their earnings.  

By ensuring price stability and financial security, this initiative plays a significant role in improving tribal farmers’ socio-economic conditions, promoting sustainable forest-based livelihoods, and empowering tribal communities across India. 

2.3  Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) 

The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) was launched in 2015 to improve irrigation facilities and ensure water availability for farmers, including those in tribal areas. The scheme follows the motto “Har Khet Ko Pani” (Water for Every Farm) and promotes efficient water use through micro-irrigation and water conservation techniques.  

Key Features Benefiting Tribal Farmers  

1. Expansion of Irrigation Facilities:  

   – Development of irrigation infrastructure in tribal-dominated regions.  

   – Construction of check dams, farm ponds, and rainwater harvesting structures.  

2. Micro-Irrigation (Per Drop More Crop):  

   – Encourages drip and sprinkler irrigation, reducing water wastage.  

   – Enhances productivity in tribal farmlands, especially in rain-fed areas.  

3. Water Conservation & Management:  

   – Promotes watershed development to improve groundwater recharge.  

   – Supports afforestation and soil moisture retention techniques to sustain agriculture in tribal regions.  

4. Financial Assistance & Subsidies:  

   – Provides subsidies on irrigation equipment for small and marginal farmers, including tribal communities.  

   – Encourages tribal self-help groups (SHGs) and farmer producer organizations (FPOs) to adopt modern irrigation methods.  

2.4  Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) 

The Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) was launched in 2007 to promote holistic agricultural development by providing financial support to states based on their agricultural plans. It aims to enhance farm productivity, strengthen rural livelihoods, and reduce risks in agriculture, particularly benefiting marginalized communities, including tribal farmers.  

 Key Components Benefiting Tribal Farmers  

1. Infrastructure Development  

   – Construction of farm ponds, check dams, and rural roads in tribal areas.  

   – Improvement of storage and processing facilities to reduce post-harvest losses.  

2. Promotion of Tribal-Specific Crops & Horticulture  

   – Special focus on millets, pulses, medicinal plants, and forest produce, which are crucial for tribal farmers.  

   – Support for horticulture and bamboo cultivation to enhance income generation.  

3. Skill Development & Capacity Building  

   – Training programs through Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) and Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs).  

   – Encouraging organic farming and sustainable agricultural practices in tribal belts.  

4. Market Linkages & Financial Support  

   – Assistance in forming cooperatives and self-help groups (SHGs) to help tribal farmers access better markets.  

   – Support for tribal farmers to integrate with e-NAM (National Agriculture Market) for direct selling.  

5. Sustainable Farming & Climate Resilience  

   – Promotion of water conservation, soil health management, and agroforestry in tribal-dominated regions.  

   – Encouragement of climate-resilient farming techniques to combat erratic weather conditions.  

2.5  National Bamboo Mission (NBM)  

The National Bamboo Mission (NBM) was launched under the Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) to promote bamboo cultivation, processing, and market linkages. Bamboo plays a crucial role in tribal economies, as many tribal communities depend on it for livelihoods, handicrafts, and construction materials.  

 Key Features Benefiting Tribal Farmers  

1. Encouraging Bamboo Cultivation  

   – Financial support for bamboo plantations in forest and non-forest areas.  

   – Promotion of high-yielding bamboo species suited for commercial use.  

   – Training on scientific cultivation techniques to improve productivity.  

2. Employment Generation for Tribal Communities  

   – Encourages bamboo-based industries (handicrafts, furniture, paper, and bio-energy).  

   – Supports tribal artisans and self-help groups (SHGs) in bamboo product development.  

   – Provides skill training and capacity building for tribal youth.  

3. Market Linkages & Value Addition  

   – Establishment of bamboo processing units for furniture, flooring, and paper industries.  

   – Integration with export markets and promotion of bamboo-based entrepreneurship.  

   – Encourages participation in Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation (TRIFED) for better price realization.  

4. Sustainable & Eco-Friendly Benefits  

   – Promotes agroforestry and environmental conservation in tribal regions.  

   – Supports carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation.  

2.6  Special Central Assistance to Tribal Sub-Plan (SCA to TSP)  

The Special Central Assistance to Tribal Sub-Plan (SCA to TSP) is a centrally funded initiative aimed at improving the socio-economic conditions of tribal communities. It provides financial support for tribal development, particularly in agriculture, livestock, and allied sectors, to enhance livelihoods and reduce poverty in Scheduled Tribe (ST) populations.  

 Key Areas of Funding & Development  

1. Agricultural Development  

   – Support for seed distribution, soil conservation, and organic farming in tribal areas.  

   – Promotion of millets, pulses, and traditional crops to improve food security.  

   – Expansion of irrigation facilities and water conservation projects.  

2. Livestock & Dairy Farming  

   – Financial aid for poultry, goat rearing, and cattle farming in tribal villages.  

   – Training and infrastructure support for dairy farming and fodder development.  

   – Veterinary services and vaccination programs to improve livestock health.  

3. Allied Sectors & Skill Development  

   – Promotion of beekeeping, sericulture, and fisheries to diversify income sources.  

   – Training programs for tribal youth in agro-processing, handicrafts, and entrepreneurship.  

   – Establishment of farmer producer organizations (FPOs) and self-help groups (SHGs).  

 Implementation & Key Projects  

– The Ministry of Tribal Affairs allocates SCA to TSP funds to states and union territories based on their tribal population.  

– Projects are implemented through state tribal development departments in collaboration with local bodies.  

– Special emphasis on remote tribal regions with low Human Development Index (HDI).  

– Integration with e-market platforms (e-NAM, TRIFED) and rural banking schemes to enhance market access.  

2.7 Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) & Agricultural Skill Development  

The Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) are government-funded schools aimed at providing quality education to tribal students. Established under the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, these schools focus on academic excellence, vocational training, and skill development, including agriculture-related education to empower tribal youth.  

 How EMRS Supports Agricultural Skill Development  

1. Introduction to Modern Farming Techniques  

   – Curriculum includes scientific agriculture, organic farming, and agroforestry.  

   – Training in soil health management, crop rotation, and water conservation.  

2. Hands-On Practical Training  

   – School farms and demonstration plots allow students to gain real-world experience.  

   – Encourages agriculture-based entrepreneurship among tribal youth.  

3. Skill Development in Allied Sectors  

   – Exposure to dairy farming, beekeeping, poultry, and fisheries.  

   – Training in value addition and food processing for better market opportunities.  

4. Integration with Government Schemes  

   – Linkages with Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) and National Bamboo Mission for specialized training.  

   – Collaboration with Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) for expert guidance.  

5. Career Opportunities & Self-Employment  

   – Students learn about agriculture startups, cooperatives, and self-help groups (SHGs).  

   – Encourages rural entrepreneurship and reduces migration to cities.  

Challenges in Implementation of Government Schemes for Tribal Farmers  

1. Gaps in Scheme Awareness – Many tribal farmers lack information about government schemes due to low literacy rates and inadequate outreach programs.  

2. Land Ownership and Legal Rights Issues – Complicated land laws and delays in granting land titles under the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006 make it difficult for tribal farmers to access benefits.  

3. Connectivity, Infrastructure, and Market Access Barriers – Poor road networks, lack of storage facilities, and limited access to organized markets prevent fair pricing and efficient distribution of farm produce.  

4. Bureaucratic Delays and Fund Allocation Problems – Lengthy administrative processes and delays in fund disbursement hinder timely implementation of schemes.  

5. Limited Access to Credit and Financial Services –

Many tribal farmers struggle to get loans due to lack of land records, collateral, and banking facilities in remote areas.  

6. Climatic and Environmental Challenges – Erratic rainfall, deforestation, and soil degradation impact tribal farming practices, making them vulnerable to climate change.  

7. Lack of Agricultural Training and Technology Adoption – Absence of technical guidance, modern equipment, and skill development programs prevents tribal farmers from improving productivity.  

8. Middlemen and Exploitation – Due to limited direct market access, tribal farmers often sell their produce at low prices to middlemen and local traders, reducing their earnings.  

9. Gender Inequality in Agricultural Benefits – Women in tribal farming communities often receive less recognition, training, and financial support, limiting their participation in modern agriculture.  

10. Fragmented Land Holdings – Small and scattered land parcels make mechanization and large-scale farming unviable, restricting economic growth. 

Way Forward and Recommendations for Supporting Tribal Farmers 

1. Strengthening Grassroots Awareness Campaigns – Conducting localized outreach programs, community meetings, and multilingual information drives can improve awareness and accessibility of government schemes among tribal farmers.  

2. Encouraging Sustainable and Organic Farming – Promoting organic certification, traditional seed banks, and eco-friendly farming techniques can enhance soil health, biodiversity, and income potential for tribal farmers.  

3. Enhancing Digital Access to Schemes – Developing user-friendly mobile apps, IVR-based helplines, and village-level digital centers can help tribal farmers easily access information, apply for benefits, and receive real-time guidance.  

4. Strengthening Cooperatives and Self-Help Groups (SHGs) – Encouraging collective farming, cooperative marketing, and producer organizations can empower tribal farmers to negotiate better prices and reduce dependency on middlemen.  

5. Expanding Financial Inclusion and Credit Access – Simplifying loan processes, providing interest-free microcredit, and establishing rural banking kiosks can help tribal farmers secure capital for investments in modern farming.  

6. Developing Infrastructure and Market Linkages – Building better rural roads, cold storage facilities, and processing units can improve transportation, reduce post-harvest losses, and create value-added products.  

7. Providing Skill Development and Vocational Training –

Offering agricultural training through Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), workshops on farm mechanization, and exposure visits can enhance productivity and self-reliance.  

8. Ensuring Efficient Fund Allocation and Monitoring – Implementing transparent fund distribution mechanisms, tracking progress through GIS mapping, and involving local governance bodies can improve efficiency and reduce delays.  

9. Promoting Climate-Resilient Farming Practices – Introducing drought-resistant crops, water conservation techniques, and agroforestry models can help tribal farmers adapt to climate change and environmental challenges.  

10. Integrating Traditional Knowledge with Modern Techniques – Encouraging the use of indigenous agricultural practices alongside scientific advancements can enhance sustainability and preserve cultural heritage.  

11. Enhancing Women’s Participation in Agriculture – Providing special training programs, financial incentives, and leadership roles in cooperatives can empower tribal women farmers and improve household incomes.  

12. Linking Tribal Farmers with E-Markets –

Expanding platforms like e-NAM, TRIFED, and direct-to-consumer models can help tribal farmers get fair prices and access a broader customer base.  

Empowering tribal farmers through well-designed government schemes is crucial for ensuring their economic stability, food security, and sustainable development. While initiatives like Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana, PMKSY, RKVY, National Bamboo Mission, and SCA to TSP have significantly contributed to improving agricultural productivity and livelihoods, several challenges such as lack of awareness, inadequate infrastructure, limited financial access, and bureaucratic delays hinder their full potential.  

To bridge these gaps, a multi-pronged approach involving grassroots awareness, digital inclusion, financial empowerment, and sustainable farming practices is essential. Strengthening cooperatives, SHGs, and market linkages can further enhance income opportunities for tribal farmers, reducing their dependency on middlemen. Additionally, integrating traditional knowledge with modern technology and focusing on climate-resilient agriculture will help ensure long-term agricultural sustainability.  

With better implementation, transparency, and active participation of local communities, government initiatives can truly uplift tribal farmers, making agriculture not just a means of survival but a pathway to prosperity and self-reliance.

Contact details: If farmers want to share information or experiences related to farming with us, then they can do this by calling us on the phone number 9599273766 or by writing an email to [email protected] or by sending your recording. Through Kisan of India, we will convey your message to the people, because we believe that if the farmers are advanced then the country is happy.