Maize Cultivation In India: A Comprehensive Guide To Seasons, Varieties, & Growth

Maize is one of the oldest domesticated crops, with a rich history dating back over 7,000 years. It is also known as corn, especially in North America. This cereal is a staple food in many parts of the world, particularly in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Maize cultivation in India plays a crucial role in the agricultural economy, with it being grown across diverse climates and regions. It’s a versatile crop, with uses ranging from human consumption to animal feed, ethanol production, and even ornamental purposes. Markets, culture, and cuisine have all been deeply influenced by maize, making it an important and iconic food staple globally.

History of Maize Crops In India 

Maize, has a significant history in India, reflecting its agricultural and economic importance. Here’s a brief overview:

Early Introduction

• Pre-Colonial Era: Maize is believed to have been introduced to India by Portuguese traders in the 16th century. It gradually spread across various regions due to its adaptability to different climatic conditions.

Colonial Period

• British Raj: During British rule, maize cultivation expanded as the colonial administration sought to diversify agricultural production. However, it remained a minor crop compared to staples like rice and wheat.

Post-Independence Expansion

• Green Revolution (1960s-1970s): The Green Revolution focused primarily on wheat and rice, but it also led to an increase in maize production through improved agricultural practices and high-yielding varieties.
• Hybrid Varieties: The introduction of hybrid maize varieties in the late 20th century significantly boosted production. Research institutions like the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) played a key role in developing these varieties.

Recent Developments

• 2000s Onwards: Maize has become a crucial crop for food, fodder, and industrial purposes, including the production of ethanol and other biofuels. The use of maize in poultry feed has also driven demand.
• Government Initiatives: Programs like the National Food Security Mission and the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana have supported maize production through subsidies, improved seeds, and better irrigation facilities.

Maize Production In India: Current Production and Potential for Growth

• India produced an estimated 34.6 million tonnes (mt) of maize in the 2023-24 period.
• There is significant potential to double maize production in India to address the supply-demand gap cost-effectively and sustainably.

Maize Production In India: Global Context

• Globally, maize is grown over 207 million hectares, producing over 1,218 million tonnes (mt) in 2022-23.
• India ranks 7th among the maize-producing countries worldwide.
• In terms of total maize-growing area, India ranks 4th globally.
• India contributes 2% of the world’s total maize production.

Top Maize-Producing States in India

According to the Economic Survey 2020-21, three states account for around 38% of India’s total maize production:

1. Karnataka: Contributes 16.45% of the total maize production in India.
2. Madhya Pradesh: Accounts for 11.37% of the total maize production.
3. Maharashtra: Produces 10.91% of India’s total maize.

Uses of Maize in India

Maize in India is used for various purposes, highlighting its importance in different sectors:

• Poultry Feed: 47% of maize is used as poultry feed.
• Food and Livestock Feed: 13% is consumed as food and used for livestock feed.
• Industrial Use: 12% is utilized for various industrial purposes.
• Starch Industry: 14% of maize is used in the starch industry.
• Processed Food: 7% is used in processed food production.
• Exports: 6% of the maize produced is exported.

Maize Cultivation Seasons and Conditions

• Maize cultivation occurs in two main seasons: Kharif and Rabi.
• Kharif Season: 83% of the maize cultivation area is sown during the Kharif season.
• Rabi Season: In states like Bihar, maize is primarily cultivated during the Rabi season.
• Optimal growth conditions for maize include old alluvial soil.

Climate Required for Maize Farming

Maize can be grown in a wide range of natural environments. It thrives in warm climates with adequate moisture and is typically cultivated between latitudes of 50°N to 40°S, from sea level up to 4000 meters in places like Mexico and the Andes. The minimum seasonal rainfall needed for maize is 200 mm. Maize grows well where the night temperature doesn’t drop below 15.6°C. The ideal conditions for maize cultivation are found in areas with July temperatures ranging between 20°C and 30°C. In India, the optimal temperature for maize cultivation is around 21°C, with the ideal temperature for the plant’s growth reaching up to 32°C. These conditions are essential for achieving a healthy maize crop.

Duration of Maize Crop

Maize is grown across the state under irrigated conditions during the Kharif (monsoon) and spring/summer seasons. It is a long-duration crop, with a growing period of about 95 days. The plant’s stem is strong and often purple. The average yield for maize is around 21 quintals per acre. This is considered the best time for maize harvesting in India.

Maize in India is grown during both the Rabi (winter) and Kharif (monsoon) seasons, with most maize being produced during the Kharif season compared to the Rabi season. The Kharif maize season typically runs from June to July, with harvesting taking place in December. The major states for Kharif maize farming in India include Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra.

Popular Maize Varieties in India

• 1. Ambrosia Hybrid Corn: A well-known hybrid variety, Ambrosia is appreciated for its sweet taste and tender kernels. It is popular among farmers due to its good yield and adaptability to different climates.
• 2. Jubilee Hybrid Corn: This hybrid variety is favoured for its large ears and high sugar content, making it a popular choice for fresh consumption. It is also known for its excellent disease resistance.
• 3. Honey Select Hybrid Corn: Known for its sweetness and rich flavour, Honey Select is a popular variety among those who prefer sweet corn. It offers a good balance of sweetness and texture.
• 4. Golden Bantam Corn: A classic variety, Golden Bantam is known for its bright yellow kernels and rich corn flavour. It is a favourite for home gardeners and small-scale farmers.
• 5. Peaches and Cream Corn: This variety features a mix of yellow and white kernels, giving it a unique appearance. It is popular for its sweet flavour and tender texture.
• 6. Nirvana Hybrid Corn: Nirvana is a hybrid variety that offers high yields and good disease resistance. It is known for its sweet flavour and juicy kernels.
• 7. Silver Queen Hybrid Corn: A widely grown variety, Silver Queen is known for its white kernels and sweet taste. It is a popular choice for fresh markets and is appreciated for its consistent quality and taste.

Varieties of Maize Cultivation in India

Here is an overview of different maize varieties and their cultivation practices across various regions of India:

Land Preparation for Maize

• Maize needs a firm, compact seedbed that is free from weeds and plant stubbles. To achieve this, deep ploughing is necessary, followed by several rounds of harrowing to break the soil into a fine texture. Incorporate 10-15 tons of farmyard manure (FYM) or compost into the soil during harrowing and mix it thoroughly with a plow. This method is ideal for achieving high maize productivity.

Maize Seed Rate in India

• Here is a list of seed rates for different types of maize grown organically:
• For winter and spring maize, use a seed rate of 8-10 kg per acre.
• Sweet corn requires a seed rate of 8 kg per acre.
• Baby corn needs a seed rate of 16 kg per acre.
• Popcorn has a seed rate of 7 kg per acre.

Water Management for Maize

Maize is efficient in using water, making it a highly productive grain crop. The roots of maize can grow up to 2 meters deep in deep soils, with the main root system spreading between 0.8 to 1.0 meters from the surface. About 80 percent of the soil’s water is found within this depth. While maize needs adequate water for optimal growth, around 600 mm of rainfall during the growing season may be sufficient, and additional irrigation may not be necessary. This is the typical approach to water management for maize cultivation in India.

Maize Weed Management 

Cost of Cultivating Maize in India

• The total cost to grow maize on one acre of land is around Rs. 15,200. Here’s a breakdown of the expenses:
• • Seed Material: Rs. 2,500
• • Sowing: Rs. 1,200
• • Land Preparation: Rs. 1,500
• • Fertilizers: Rs. 3,000
• • Pesticides: Rs. 1,000
• • Weeding: Rs. 1,000
• • Harvesting and Shelling: Rs. 2,000
• • Miscellaneous Activities: Rs. 2,500
• • Transportation: Rs. 500
• These costs cover all the necessary activities to cultivate maize effectively.

Maize Crop Cultivation Fertilizers

Maize, with its rich history and versatile uses, holds a significant place in global agriculture and Indian farming. 

Overall, maize continues to be a vital crop for food security, animal feed, and industrial uses in India. With ongoing improvements in cultivation techniques and government support, maize farming is poised for further growth, contributing to the country’s agricultural prosperity.

Also Read: How the use of advanced varieties and technology can make a big difference in the cultivation of sweet corn, read the story of these farmers of Mizoram

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